Appeal Court, 21st May, 1940.
Appeal against a decision of the
Divisional Court ruling that the
question of ownership of land
had not already been settled by
arbitration under native
customary law-question to be
decided whether land private or
family property-effect of award
on arbitration-distinction
between validity and
enforcement. Appeal allowed.
Held: (1) No question of English
law was involved or could have
arisen out of the arbitration
and the sole question for
decision was" which of the
properties were family
property", which was a question
eminently suitable for decision
by a Native Tribunal or by a
native or natives upon an
arbitration held in accordance
with Native Law and Custom. The
existence of a Will was
immaterial.
(2) Section 58 of Native
Administration Ordinance does
not prevent the holding of such
an arbitration. The award is
binding on the parties
inter se.
(3) Legal effect of the
arbitration is not affected by
any provisions of the
Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 16).
There is no need to set out the
facts.
K. A. Bossman
for Appellants.
Frans Dove for
Respondent.
The following joint judgment was
delivered ;-
KINGDON, C.J., NIGERIA, PETRIDES,
C.J., GOLD COAST, AND GRAHAM
PAUL, C.J., SIERRA LEONE.
In this case the Plaintiff, in
his capacity of Head of the
family of Kwadjo Poku deceased,
instituted a suit against the
Defendants in the Tribunal of
the Omanhene of Akyem Abuakwa,
claiming recovery of possession
of two pieces of land at
Dokrokyewa in the State of Akyem
Abuakwa, £100 mesne profits and
an injunction. The suit was
transferred to the Divisional
Court by order of the Provincial
Commissioner of the Eastern
Province and pleadings were
ordered. In paragraph 5 of their
defence the Defendants pleaded
as follows :-
.• 5. The Defendants further
allege that the Plaintiff and
they the Defendants have
voluntarily submitted this
dispute about these two
properties comprised in the Will
aforementioned to the
arbitration in
accordance with native customary
law of Nana Ofori Kuma II
Omanhene of Akwapim and that the
said arbitrator on or about the
15th September, 1932, made his
award in favour of the
Defendants and against the said
Plaintiff-and the said
Defendants will therefore
contend that the said Plaintiff
is bound by that award and is
barred by law from making this
claim or bringing this action."
The Divisional Court rightly
treated this pleading as raising
a preliminary issue " as to
whether the ownership has been
settled by arbitration under
native customary law." After
hearing evidence upon that issue
the learned Trial Judge ruled
against the Defendants upon the
point raised. Against that
ruling the Defendants now appeal
to this Court.
In the Divisional Court the
submissions of Counsel for
Plaintiff - Respondent were as
follows :-
(1) That there was no
arbitration by the Omanhene and
his Councillors.
(2) That though the Omanhene
attempted to settle the dispute,
he did so without the
plaintiff's consent.
(3) That in any case the
arbitrators were not competent
to interpret a Will.
(4) That in view of section 58
of the Native Administration
Ordinance (Cap. 76) the award is
of no legal effect, and
(5) That in view of the
Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 16)
the award is of no legal effect.
Upon submissions (1) and (2) the
learned Trial Judge recorded the
following findings :-
" I accept the version of the
alleged arbitration given by the
witnesses for the defence; I am
satisfied that there was an
arbitration held by the Omanhene.
sitting with his councillors,
and that (except in so far as
questions of English law were
involved) it was held in
accordance with native customary
law. I believe that both parties
agreed to the arbitration, to
the award, and to the subsequent
demarcation of boundaries"
We agree with these findings of
fact. But the learned Trial
Judge upheld submissions (3) and
(4) whilst he gave no definite
ruling on submission (5). In
regard to submission (3) he said
:-
.• I now turn to objection (3).
In ~he arbitration in this case
the only substantial issue of
fact was: Which of the
properties in dispute were
family property and which were
private property? In due course
this issue was no doubt defined.
but as the lands now in dispute
were claimed under an English
'''ill, English law was
necessarily involved. The effect
of probate and the question what
property could be disposed of
under an English Will had to be
considered .
•. The head-note to
Ekua Ayafte v. Kwamina Banyea
(1884). reported in Sarbah's
Fanti Law Reports, p.38. reads
as follows :-
•. Where matters in difference
between two parties are
investigated at a meeting. and
in accordance with customary law
and general usage a decision is
given, it is binding on the
parties, and the Supreme Court
will enforce such a decision".
" The arbitration in that case
was concerned with accounts, but
although it is inevitable that
native customary law should be
applied to the new circumstances
of modern life, it is another
matter to apply new law. I am
not aware that this Court has
ever held valid as an
arbitration held under native
custom one in which a claim is
based on English law. I do not
feel justified in extending what
I believe to have been the
practice of the Supreme Court
since its earliest days,
particularly as there is an
Arbitration Ordinance on the
Statute Book. The objection will
therefore be upheld."
We do not agree with this
reasoning; we agree with the
contention of Appellants'
Counsel that no question of
English law was involved or
could possibly have arisen upon
the arbitration, and that the
sole question for decision was-"
which of the properties were
family property" -a question
eminently suitable for decision
either by a Native Tribunal or
by a native or natives upon an
arbitration held in accordance
with native law and custom. The
existence of a Will concerning
the land did not make the
matters in dispute such as could
not be submitted to arbitration
in accordance with native law
and custom. We think that there
has been a confusion of thought
in regard to the effect of such
an arbitration. The award is not
such that it will be enforced by
the Supreme Court in the sense
that the successful party can
invoke the aid of the Court to
proceed to execution upon it,
but this is very different from
holding it to be invalid in the
sense that it is not binding
upon the parties. In our opinion
it is as binding upon the
parties as such decisions upon
arbitrations in accordance with
native law and custom have
always been, that the
unsuccessful party is barred
from re-opening the question
decided, and that if he tries to
do so in the Courts the decision
may be successfully pleaded by
way of estoppel.
Nor do we agree with the learned
Trial Judge's finding upon
submission (4). We think that
section 58 of the Native
Administration Ordinance (Cap.
76) has no bearing on the
question at all. The part of the
ruling dealing with this
submission is as follows: .
•• Objection (4). As recently as
the 6th December, 1932, Sir
George Deane, C.j. affirmed an
award in an arbitration under
native customary law in
Asiedu v. Kwabena Ofori
&
Another.
The present proposition that in
view of section 58 (formerly 51)
of the Native Administration
Ordinance such arbitrations are
invalid was not considered by
the learned Chief justice. It is
clear that he was not aware that
in 1930 Mr. justice Howes had
held that by virtue of the said
section, a Tribunal has no
jurisdiction to enforce an award
in such an arbitration
(Bernasko v. Andoh).
This case was followed by the
same Judge in 1933 in
Adejatu Tomole v. Ilugbo Aro
(Div. Court judgments, 1931-37,
p.8) .
•• In his judgment in the last
mentioned case we find the
following :-
•. In my view, the meaning of
section 51 of the Native
Administration Ordinance is
clear, viz., that all disputes
between natives are to be
decided exclusively by the
Tribunals constituted by the
Ordinance, and must be brought
to those Tribunals for decision.
In effect the section says:-
.• You may go to arbitration
over petty disputes if you like;
but if you do, the tribunals
will not enforce the award given
by the arbitrators" .
•. I do not find this section
easy to construe, but I can
follow Mr. justice Howes'
interpretation to this extent. I
agree that the jurisdiction
conferred on Tribunals under the
Ordinance is exclusive (so far
as native authorities are
concerned) and may not be
exercised by native authorities
extra-judicially, except in
petty disputes. The Omanhene of
Akwapim and his Councillors are
a native authority; the dispute
would have been within the
jurisdiction of a Paramount
Chief's Tribunal under section
48 of the Native Administration
Ordinance, if the parties agreed
thereto; and the dispute was not
of a petty nature. I feel
obliged therefore on this
further ground to hold that the
award is invalid ".
Here again we think that there
is the same confusion of thought
as has been mentioned under
submission (3). The relevant
parts of section 58 reads as
follows :-
•• Save as is hereinafter
provided with respect to
Provincial Councils, the
jurisdiction, civil and
criminal, which is defined and
the exercise of which is
facilitated and regulated by
this Ordinance, shall (so far as
concerns native authorities) be
enjoyed and exercised
exclusively by the Tribunals and
State Councils and Provincial
Councils mentioned herein, and
only in accordance with the
provisions hereof.
•• Provided that nothing herein
contained shall be deemed to
affect the power of any native
or Native Authority to act
extra-judicially as an
arbitrator in any dispute of a
petty nature in respect of which
the parties thereto consent to
his so acting under native
customary law; but resort shall
not be had for the purpose of
enforcing the award to the
powers or facilities provided by
this Ordinance."
There is nothing in the main
part of the section to prevent
the holding according to native
law and custom of such an
arbitration as the one with
which we are now concerned. Nor
can such a prohibition be held
to exist on account of the
proviso, for it is
well-established law that when
the previous part of a section
is not doubtful as to its scope,
" a proviso cannot imply by law
the existence of words of which
there is no trace in the
previous part" (Beal's
Cardinal Rules of Legal
Interpretation (3rd Edition
p. 305). The proviso in the
section under consideration
appears to be redundant; perhaps
it is an instance of what Lord
Herschel referred to in the case
of West Derby Union v.
Metropolitan Life Assurance
Society (1897). A .C.
647, at page 656 with the words
:-
•• My Lords, I am satisfied that
many instances might be given
where provisos could be found in
legislation that are meaningless
because they have been put in to
allay fears when those fears
were absolutely unfounded, and
when no proviso at all was
necessary to protect the persons
at whose instance they were
inserted".
The proviso is however useful in
the present discussion in that
it draws a clear distinction
between validity and
enforcement.
In our opinion there is nothing
in the section which can
possibly alter the binding
effect of the arbitration upon
the parties inter se.
As to submission (5), we can
find nothing in the Arbitration
Ordinance (Cap. 16) which
prevents such an arbitration as
the present one from being held,
or which declares that, if it is
held, it shall be of no legal
effect. In our view this
Ordinance also has no bearing
upon the points in issue.
We accept all the learned Trial
Judge's findings of fact and
hold that upon them he ought to
have upheld the Defendants
Appellants' contention in
paragraph 5 of their defence.
The appeal is allowed, the
ruling of the Court below is set
aside, and it is ordered that
the Plaintiff's claim do stand
dismissed and that judgment be
entered for the Defendants with
costs to be taxed.
The Defendants-Appellants are
awarded costs in this Court
assessed at £64 18s. 11d.