IN exercise of the powers
conferred on the Provisional
National Defence Council Secretary
responsible for Local Government
by section 2 of the Local
Government Law, 1988
(P.N.D.C.L.207), and with the
prior approval of the Council,
this Instrument is made this 23rd
day of December, 1988.
Section 1—Establishment of
Assembly.
There is hereby established a
District Assembly to be known as
the West Gonja District Assembly
(hereinafter referred to as the
"Assembly") for the area specified
in the First Schedule to this
Instrument.
Section 2—Membership of Assembly,
Etc.
(1) The Assembly shall consist of
not more than eighty-two persons
which shall be made up of —
(a) the District Secretary;
(b) fifty-four persons
representing the electoral areas
who shall be elected directly by
the electoral in accordance with
regulations made in that behalf by
the National Commission for
Democracy; and
(c) not more than twenty-seven
persons comprising the traditional
authorities or their
representatives and other persons
ordinarily resident in the
District, who shall be appointed
by the Council in consultation
with the traditional authorities
and organised productive economic
groupings in the District.
(2) For the purpose of election
to the Assembly, the area of
authority of the Assembly shall be
divided into the electoral areas
specified in the First Schedule to
this Instrument.
Section 3—Functions of Assembly.
(1) The Assembly shall perform all
the functions conferred on
District Assemblies by the Local
Government Law, 1988 (P.N.D.C.L.
207).
(2) Without prejudice to
sub-paragraph (1) of this
paragraph the Assembly shall
perform the functions set out in
the Second Schedule to this
Instrument.
Section 4—Common Seal.
(1) The Assembly shall have a
Common Seal which shall be such as
the Secretary may approve by
notice in the Gazette.
(2) Until such time as the Common
Seal approved in sub-paragraph (1)
is available, a rubber stamp
bearing the inscription "The
Kassena-Nankani District Assembly"
shall be used as the Common Seal.
Section 5—Administrative Area of
Assembly.
The area of authority of the
Assembly shall comprise the area
specified in the First Schedule to
this Instrument.
Section 6—Location of Principal
Office of Assembly.
The Assembly shall establish its
principal office at Navrongo where
meetings of the Assembly shall be
held.
Section 7—Inaugural Meeting of
Assembly.
(1) The Assembly shall hold its
inaugural meeting on such date as
the Secretary shall with the prior
approval of the Council determine.
(2) The Presiding Member of the
Assembly shall be elected at the
inaugural meeting.
Section 8—Interpretation.
In this Instrument, unless the
context otherwise requires—
"Council" means the Provisional
National Defence Council;
"ordinarily resident" has the
meaning assigned to it under
subsection (2) of section 16 of
the Local Government law, 1988 (P.N.D.C.L.
207);
"Secretary" means the Provisional
National Defence Council Secretary
responsible for Local Government.
Section 9—Revocation.
The Local Government (Western
Gonja District Council)
(Establishment) Instrument, 1974 (L.I.
932) is hereby revoked.
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
LIST OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE AREAS
OF AUTHORITY OF THE WEST GONJA
DISTRICT ASSEMBLY
Town/Area Council Description of
Zone Description of Electoral
Area
DAMONGO 1. Aturibotu
Aturibotu No. 1. Aturibotu No. 2,
Agric Institute, Dass. 1.
Aturibotu
Unit 1—Aturibotu No.1
Damongo Town: North-West being
that part of Damongo town north of
Talale-Sawla Rd. (from P/Station
to H/No. A2 a lane goes straight
down the area dividing Aturibotu
No. 1 and No. 2.
Unit 2—Aturibotu No. 2
Damongo Town: North-West being all
that part of Damongo town lying
north of Tamale Sawla Rd. from
H/No. A.2 move along the
Damongo-Sawla Rd. to the Texaco
Filling Station.
2. Dass
Unit 3—Agric Institute
Damongo Town: Agric Institute,
Bungalow and Dagati settlement.
Unit 4—Dass
Damongo
Town: Damongo Sec. School, J.S.Q.
2. Langbinto
Zongo, Langbinto No. 1, Langbinto
No. 2, Yapala, Nabori, Hangaline,
Ngbaripe, Konkomba lane, Canteen.
3. Zongo Langbinto
Unit 1—Damongo Town: Zongo area
including W.E.C. Bungalows.
Unit 2—Damongo Central: from H/No.
B1 along the Cemetery Rd to
H/No.B26 turn left on the
Langbanto Rd. (dusty) to the
mosque at the Zongo, Hangaeline
Rd. All houses bounded left is
Langbinto No. 1.
Unit 3—Langbinto No. 2
Damongo Central: from H/No. 27 on
the Cemetery Langbinto Rd. move on
the Langbinto Rd. to H/No. 133
linking Zongo-Hangalane Rd. all
that area bounded on the right is
Langibinto No. 2
4. Yapala
Unit 4—Yapala
Unit 5—Nabori
Hangaline 5.
Hangaline
Unit 6—Hangaline
Damongo Town: Hangaline.
Unit 7—Ngbaripe
Damongo Town: Ngbaripe including
Alasan Kuraa.
6. Canteen
Unit 8—Konkomba lane
Damongo Town: Konkomba lane.
Unit 9—Canteen
Damongo Town: Canteen and Canteen
and settlements Jadazan, Brigade
Lane, Nurses Qtrs. and Agric.
Extensions.
LARIBANGA 1. Laribanga
Laribanga, Grupe, Kananto, Kabampe,
Mole Game, Murugu. 7.
Laribanga
Unit 1—Laribanga
Laribanga, Mognori
Unit 2—Grupe
Unit 3—Kananto
Unit 4—Kabampe
8.
Mole-Game
Unit 5—Mole Game
Mole Game reserve including Yapala.
Unit 6—Murugu
Murugu, Yerizori.
DABOYA 1. Daboya
Daboya, Bawena, Janfronu, Yerizori,
Kulumbo, Ayanto Kargbal Kito,
Simisi Dambuto Abegtepe, Daboya
East, Daboya West, Kuturubanohi,
Gua, Tadurpoe. 9. Bawena
Unit 1—Bawena
Unit 2—Janfronu
Unit 3—Yerizori
Yerizori, Yerizori-Kadange
Unit 4—Kulumbo
Unit 5—Ayanto.
10.
Daboya
Unit 6—Daboya East
Daboya Town: Kasatandong,
Bankaranbasipe; Lamempe & Sanbon
areas.
Unit 7—Daboya West
Daboya Town: Kalabato, Zongo Kuase
areas.
11.
Kuturubanchi
Unit 8—Kuturubanchi
Unit 9—Gua
Unit 10—Tadurope.
2. Kargbal
Kargbal, Kito 12. Kargbal
Unit 11—Kargbal
Unit 12—Kito.
Danbuto 13.
Danbuto
Unit 13—Simisi
Unit 14—Dambuto (Dar-es-Salam)
Unit 15—Kuputo
Unit 16—Abogtepe.
LANGBINSI 1. Langbinsi
Langbinsi, Singa, Nalori, Dassa
Tare, Wawato, Grubagu, Nabengu,
Salagu, Banewa. 14.
Langbinsi
Unit 1—Langbinsi
Unit 2—Singa
Unit 3—Nalori
Unit 4—Dassa.
15. Tare
Unit 5—Tare
Unit 6—Wawato
Wawato, Dakonpe
Unit 7—Grubagu
Unit 8—Nabengu.
16. Banewa
Unit 9—Salagu
Unit 10—Banewa
Banewa, Gbansampa, Sommu
New)
MANKARIGU 1. Mankarigu
Mankarigu, Zepe, Bugsa, Lukula,
Yebun No. 2. Mempe Asem Kparia.
17. Mankarigu
Unit 1—Mankarigu
Mankarigu, Sakpala
Unit 2—Zepe
Unit 3—Bugsa.
18.
Lukula
Unit 4—Lukula
Lukula, Sakpege, Nyogoni
Unit 5—Yebun No. 2
Unit 6—Mempe Asem, Bombo
Unit 7—Kparia.
BUSUNU Busunu
Busunu, Tailor Kuraa, Achibuyo,
Tacheli 19. Busunu
Unit 1—Busunu
Unit 2—Tailor Kuraa
Tailor Kuraa, Jonakpan Mempeasem,
Kunkunde.
20.
Achibuyo
Unit 3—Achibuyo, Soalepe
Unit 4—Tacheli
Tacheli, Gungunpe, Kojokuraa.
BUIPE 1. Buipe
Old Buipe, New Buipe, Mornu
Kolonso, Boakyipe, Funbo, Kabilpe,
Buipe. 21. Buipe
Unit 1—Old Buipe
Unit 2—New Buipe
Buipe, Bridge area.
Unit 3—Mornu Binyetipe
22.
Kabilpe
Unit 4—Kolonso
Kolonso, Jambato
Unit 5—Boakyipe
Unit 6—Funbo
Unit 7—Kabilpe
Kabilpe, Domeabra
Unit 8—Buipe
Toll collection and Factory
quarters.
YAPEI 1. Yapei
Yapei, Yapala, Bonyase, Katanga,
Larigbani, Fufuriso (Junction)
Nyanwuripe. 23. Yapei
Unit 1—Yapei
Unit 2—Yapala
Yapala, Ntereso
Unit 3—Bonyase
Bonyase, Zogu
Unit 4—Katanga
Katanga, Gbenjong.
24.
Larigbani
Unit 5—Larigbani
Larigbani, Namurpe, Yarakpani.
25.
Fururiso (Junction)
Unit 6—Fufuriso (Junction)
Unit 7—Nyanwuripe.
KUSAWGU 1. Kusawgu
Kusawgu, Kadigbonto, Bubuaposo,
Bulamposo, Tidrope, Kachirase.
26. Kusawgu
Unit 1—Kusawgu
27. Kadigbonto
Unit 2—Kadigbonto
Unit 3—Bubuaposo
Unit 4—Bulamposo
Bulamposo, Jangbaripe.
28.
Tidrope
Unit 5—Tidrope
Tidrope, Dequripe, Sankumpe,
Dawunipe, Bagpe.
Unit 6—Kachirase
Kachirase, Adupe, Awusipe.
2. Sankpala
Sankpala, Kpatinyag, Yapala,
Zamzugu, Darivegupe, Jabilipe,
Tohinape, Wambong, Alipe.
29. Sankpala
Unit 1—Sankpala
Sankpala, Jeyiriwuripe-Kampong,
Yahayapa, Sankpala-Kampong.
Unit 2—Kaptinyag.
30.
Zamzugu
Unit 3—Yapala
Yapala, Chanpe
Unit 4—Zamzugu
31.
Jambilipe
Unit 5—Darivogupe
Unit 6—Jabilipe
Kurbanpe, Jabilipe
32.
Wambong
Unit 7—Tohinape
Tohinape, Nakpergu, Nyanyegu
Unit 8—Wambong
Wambong, Torape, Kalamila
Unit 9—Alipe
Jaremeape, Alipe.
MPAHA 1. Mpaha
Sawaba, Domiabra, (Mpaha Junction)
Bakomba Kalolito, Chusoto, Mpaha,
Kpenglenso, Kakali Sheri. 33.
Domiabra
Unit 1—Sawaba
Unit 2—Domiabra (Mpaha Junction)
Unit 3—Bakomba.
34. Mpaha
Unit 4—Kalolito
Kalolito, Amadorpe
Unit 5—Chusoto
Chusoto, Charawese, Agbekope
Jandeyupe.
Unit 6—Mpaha
Mpaha, Kajasa, Nosumpe.
35. Sheri
Unit 7—Kpengelenso
Unit 8—Kakali
Unit 9—Sheri.
2. Kpabuso
Kpabuso, Gbiriga, Lampui, Nankpang,
Dokupe, Kpasira, Soritto, Alhajipe
Buti. 36. Kpabuso
Unit 1—Kpabuso
Kpabuso, Choposo, Jabariso, New
Kingbigi, Bethlehem, B.B.C.
37. Mamkpang
Unit 2—Gbirigi
Unit 3—Lampui
Unit 4—Nankpang
Unit 5—Dokupe
38. Buti
Unit 6—Kpasira
Kpasira, Old Kangbigi
Unit 7—Soritto
Soritto, Chariso
Unit 8—Alhajipe
Unit 9—Buti
TULUWE 1. Tuluwe
Tuluwe, Kachase Adape, Chama
Kolofu, Jukuku, Kpinjepe, Digma,
Yala, Nyantam Budja, Kpalangase
Jakpasori, Dabope. 39. Tuluwe
Unit 1—Tuluwe
Tuluwe, Pakurdanga, Nkwanta, Agege
Unit 2—Kachasi
Kachasi, Congo, Majempe, Keeberiso.
Unit 3—Adape
40. Chama
Unit 4—Chama
Unit 5—Kolofu
Unit 6—Jukuku
Jukuku, Tamankalag
Unit 13—Kpinjepe
41. Digma
Unit 11—Digma
Digma, Nyanta
Unit 7—Yala
Unit 14—Nyantam.
42. Budja
Unit 12—Budja
Unit 8—Kpalangase
Unit 9—Jakpasori
Unit 10—Dabope
Dabope, Tunga-Dabope.
SECOND SCHEDULE
FUNCTIONS OF THE ASSEMBLY
It shall be the duty of the
Assembly—
1. To promote and safeguard public
health and for this purpose the
Ministry of Health shall assign
Medical Officers of Health, health
inspectors and other staff as
appropriate except semi-skilled
and unskilled labourers to the
District Assembly for the proper
discharge of this duty.
2. To cause their District to be
inspected regularly for the
detection of nuisances or any
condition likely to be offensive
or injurious to health.
3. If satisfied that any nuisances
or any condition likely to be
offensive or injurious to health
exists, to cause all proper steps
to be taken to secure the
abatement of the nuisances or the
removal of the condition.
4. To ensure the provision of
adequate and wholesome supply of
water throughout the entire
District in consultation with the
Ghana Water and Sewerage
Corporation.
5. To establish, install, build,
maintain and control public
latrines, lavatories urinals and
wash places.
6. To establish, maintain and
carry out services for the removal
of night-soil from any building
and for the destruction and
treatment of such night-soil.
7. To establish, maintain and
carry out services for the removal
and destruction of all refuse,
filth and carcasses of dead
animals from any public or private
place.
8. To regulate any trade or
business which may be noxious or
injurious to public health or a
source of danger to the public or
which otherwise it is in the
public interest to regulate.
9. To provide for the inspection
of all meat, fish, vegetables and
all other foodstuffs and liquid of
whatever kind or nature intended
for human consumption whether
exposed for sale or not; and to
seize, destroy and otherwise deal
with all such foodstuffs or liquid
as are unfit for human consumption
and to supervise and control
manufactures of foodstuffs and
liquids of whatever kind or nature
intended for human consumption.
10. To provide, maintain,
supervise and control
slaughter-houses and pounds and
all such matters and things as may
be necessary for the convenient
use of such slaughter-houses.
11. To prevent and deal with the
outbreak or the prevalence of any
disease.
12. To prevent the spread of and
exterminate tsetse-fly,
mosquitoes, rats, bugs and other
vermin.
13. To prohibit or regulate the
making of burrow-pits or other
excavations.
14. To establish and maintain
cemeteries.
15. To provide crematoria where
in the opinion of the Assembly
it is expedient so to do..
16. To regulate or prohibit the
sinking of wells and provide for
the closing of wells.
17. To establish, maintain and
control pounds, seize and impound
any stray animal and provide for
the payment of compensation for
damage done by such animal.
18. To provide that the owner or
occupier of any land or tenements
maintain, clear and keep free from
vegetation, the roads, streets or
paths adjoining his land or
tenements.
19. To provide for the control,
destruction and licensing of dogs.
20. To provide for the control,
regulation, inspection,
supervision and licensing of—
(i)
social halls, dance halls and
places of entertainment;
(ii) lodging and eating houses;
(iii) any premises or land in or
upon which any profession,
occupation, trade or business is
carried on;
(iv) such occupations as the
Secretary may specify in an
Instrument from time to time,
21. To establish and operate
Clinics and Dressing Stations in
consultation with the Ministry of
Health.
22. To construct, repair,
maintain and keep clean all
streets.
23. To divert or alter where
necessary the course of any
street.
24. To provide or arrange for
electric lighting in streets and
other public places and where
necessary to provide and maintain
electricity supply in consultation
with the Electricity Corporation.
25. To construct, repair and
maintain all public roads other
than trunk roads but including
feeder roads and to undertake road
rehabilitation programmes within
the district.
26. To prescribe the conditions
subject to which the erection and
construction, demolition,
re-erection, and re-construction,
conversion and re-conversion,
alteration, repair, sanitation and
ventilation of public and private
buildings and structures may be
undertaken and carried out.
27. To provide for building lines
and the layout of buildings, to
prepare and undertake and
otherwise control schemes for
improved housing layout and
settlement.
28. To prescribe the conditions
to be satisfied on a site for any
building or for any class of
buildings.
29. To prohibit the construction
of any new building unless and
until the plans thereof have been
submitted to and approved by the
Assembly
30. To provide for the demolition
of dangerous buildings and for the
recovery of any expenses incurred
in connection therewith.
31. To maintain, as agents of
Central Government, all public
buildings, including prestige
buildings put up by the Central
Government and previously
maintained by the Public Works
Department.
32. To maintain as agents of the
Ghana Highway Authority, trunk
roads lying within the boundaries
of the area of authority of the
Assembly.
33. To take steps to ensure the
effective maintenance of all
Government properties within its
area of authority.
34. To prohibit or regulate the
use in any defined area of any
inflammable material in the
construction or repair of any
building.
35. To control and regulate the
siting of advertisements and
hoardings or other structures
designed for the display of
advertisements.
36. To build, equip, open, close
and maintain markets, prohibit the
erection of stalls in places other
than markets and prevent the sale
and purchase of goods or stock
near established markets or
elsewhere.
37. To fix days and hours during
each day on which a market may be
held and prevent the sale and
purchase of goods in markets on
any day or at any hour except
those fixed.
38. To regulate and control
markets including the fixing of
and collection of stallages, rents
and tolls.
39. (1) To require the owner of
any premises to do any of the
following acts:
(i)
to remove, lower or trim to the
satisfaction of the Assembly any
tree, shrub or hedge overhanging
or interfering in any way with the
traffic in any street or with any
wires or works thereof;
(ii) to remove any dilapidated
fence or structure abutting on any
public place;
(iii) to paint, distemper,
white-wash or colour-wash the
outside walls or roof of any
building forming part of the
premises;
(iv) to tidy the premises; and
(v) to move any derelict car or
other vehicle.
(2) In the event of the owner
failing to comply with a notice
from the Assembly requiring him to
perform any of the acts specified
in sub-paragraph of (1) (i-v) the
Assembly shall be at liberty to
undertake the work and charge the
owner with the cost thereof.
40. To build, equip and maintain
all public primary, middle and
special schools as are in the
opinion of the Secretary for
Education, after consultation with
the Secretary responsible for
Local Government, required in its
area.
41. To advise the Secretary for
Education on all matters relating
to primary and middle schools and
such other matters as may be
referred to it by the Secretary
for Education.
42. To be responsible for—
(i)
postings and transfers within its
area of authority of teachers
including pupil
teachers;
(ii) keeping records of teachers;
(iii) discipline of teachers in
accordance with the disciplinary
code laid down by the Ghana
Education Service;
(iv) appointment of school welfare
officers;
(v) recommending teachers for
study leave;
(vi) appointment of headteachers
in accordance with rules laid down
by the Ghana Education Service;
(vii) supervision of primary and
middle schools;
(viii) formation of education
committees;
(ix) collection of statistical
data and other information;
(x) in-service training for pupil
teachers;
(xi) nursery school education;
(xii) approval for the opening of
private primary and middle
schools;
(xiii) payment of teachers'
salaries from funds made available
by Government;
(xiv) indenting for the supply and
distribution of textbooks;
(xv) disbursement of Education
Grants.
43. To provide for the control
and regulation of—
(i)
concerts, musical or theatrical
performances, cinemas, fairs,
circuses and other entertainments
to which admission is to be
obtained on payment of moneys or
of any reward, except where the
whole proceeds are being devoted
to charity;
(ii) horse-racing meetings.
44. To grant and maintain
scholarships or bursaries to
suitable persons to attend any
school or other educational
institution in Ghana or elsewhere.
45. To provide for the
establishment and maintenance of
facilities for arts and crafts,
for recreation and sports.
46. To establish, maintain,
control and contribute to bands
for musical performances in public
places and at functions arranged
by the Assembly, and generally to
provide musical entertainment in
such places and at such functions.
47. To arrange for the provision
of public libraries in
consultation with the Ghana
Library Board.
48. With the prior approval of
the Ghana Museums and Monuments
Board, to control the disposal of
any African antique work of art.
49. To organise community
development programmes to improve
and enrich rural life through
running literacy and adult
education classes, organising
voluntary contributions and
communal labour for the provisions
of such facilities and services as
water supplies, roads school
buildings, community centres and
public places of convenience; and
teaching village women the
management of home and care of
children.
50. To take such measures as
would promote the well-being of
under-privileged children and the
stability of the distressed
family.
51. To organise and maintain
child-care centres and ensure the
proper running and management of
such centres.
52. To establish, run and manage
children's homes and offer
parental care for the deprived,
namely, orphans and those that are
neglected or abandoned.
53. To render relief services
during natural disasters, e.g.
floods, fire, earthquakes
accidents, in the form of supply
of material.
54. To be responsible for the
improvement of agriculture
including extension services and
allotments for agricultural
purposes.
55. To control methods of
husbandry.
56. To allocate land in the
ownerships of the Assembly for
farming purposes and to regulate
the systems of farming of such
land.
57. To provide services for the
improvement of livestock.
58. To prevent and control
animal diseases.
59. To prohibit, restrict or
regulate the hunting, capture,
killing or sale of animals or
birds or any specified kind of
animal or bird.
60. To provide for measures for
soil and water conservation.
61. To provide for the fencing of
land and for the maintenance and
repair of such fences.
62. To take every step to
encourage persons to plant
specified crops for the
maintenance of themselves and
their families.
63. To plant trees in any street
and to erect tree-guard to protect
the same: Provided that the
streets shall not be unduly
obstructed thereby.
64. To regulate or prohibit the
planting, cutting, tapping or
destruction of any tree or
vegetation growing along any
street, road or path or in any
public place.
65. To establish and manage, on
commercial basis, rural and
small-scale industries and farms.
66. To promote tourism in the
District in co-operation with the
Regional Development Corporation
and the Tourist Development Board.
67. Subject to the control and
direction of the Registrar of
Births and Deaths to register all
births and deaths occurring within
the District.
68. To appoint in consultation
with the Registrar of Births and
Deaths such registration staff as
may be necessary for the proper
discharge of births and deaths
registration duties.
69. To make such financial
contribution as the Assembly deems
necessary for the maintenance of
any traditional authority which
possesses any functions which
relate to any part of its area.
70. To establish and maintain
tree nurseries and forest
plantation and sell the produce
thereof.
71. To compile and maintain a
record of all tenant farmers and
the rents and tributes which
should be paid by them.
72. To prohibit or restrict the
driving or use of vehicles
generally or any specified class
on any specified road or specified
direction on any specified road.
73. To regulate the use and
conduct of public vehicles, to
regulate routes and parking places
to be used by such vehicles to
appropriate particular routes,
roads, streets and parking places
to specified classes of traffic
and when necessary to provide the
identification of licensed
vehicles as defined in the Motor
Traffic Ordinance.
74. To license any vehicle used
for taxi, bicycle, motor bicycle
and to prescribe the fees to be
paid in respect of any such
bicycle or vehicle.
75. To establish, acquire and
maintain transport service by land
or water including ferries.
76. To establish, maintain and
control parks for motor and other
vehicles.
77. To establish and maintain in
consultation with the Posts and
Telecommunications Corporation,
Postal Agencies where necessary.
78. To lay down rules and
regulations in respect of private
and public property to ensure
adequate fire protection.
79. To prevent and control fire
outbreaks including bush fires.
80. To promote the development
of all sports within the area of
authority of the Assembly.
81. To organise sports activities
within its area of authority and
to provide such facilities as may
be recommended by the national
body responsible for sports.
82. To perform as agents of the
national body responsible for
sports in maintaining such sports
facilities as may be assigned to
it by the national body.
83. To advise to the exclusion of
all others on all matters of
sports relating to its area of
authority.
84. To prohibit, restrict,
regulate and license the
manufacture, distillation, sale
transportation distribution,
supply, possession and consumption
of akpeteshie, palm-wine, and all
kinds of description of fermented
liquor usually made by citizens of
Ghana or adjacent countries.
85. To license petrol service
and filling stations within the
District.
86. To provide information
centres, where necessary in
consultation with the Ministry of
Information.
KWAMENA AHWOI
P.N.D.C. Secretary Responsible for
Local Government
Date of Gazette Notification: 5th
May, 1989.
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